Thursday, 29 May 2025

Yes, Descartes had a distinct take on the scientific method, which he outlines especially in Discourse on the Method and Rules for the Direction of the Mind. While he didn't develop the modern empirical scientific method as we know it today, his approach was deeply influential and diverged from both the Aristotelian-scholastic model and from Baconian empiricism in key ways.


Key features of Descartes’ approach to scientific method:

  1. Rationalist foundation:
    Descartes believed that true knowledge comes from reason, not primarily from the senses. For him, the senses could be deceptive, so empirical observation was not the foundation of science—it was useful but subordinate to rational deduction from clear and distinct ideas.

  2. Methodical doubt and foundationalism:
    Scientific inquiry must begin with radical doubt, stripping away all assumptions to find an indubitable foundation (e.g., cogito ergo sum). From this foundation, knowledge is built up systematically.

  3. Mathematization of nature:
    Descartes strongly emphasized applying mathematical reasoning to natural phenomena. He sought to explain the physical world in terms of mechanical laws—motion, extension, quantity—making nature intelligible through geometry and algebra.

  4. Deductive over inductive reasoning:
    Unlike Francis Bacon, who emphasized induction (generalizing from observed facts), Descartes favored deduction—starting from self-evident truths and deducing consequences. He considered this a more secure path to knowledge.

  5. Four-step method (from Discourse):

    • Accept nothing as true that is not clearly known to be so (radical doubt).

    • Divide each problem into as many parts as possible (analysis).

    • Conduct thoughts in order, starting with the simplest to the more complex (synthesis).

    • Make complete enumerations and general reviews to ensure nothing is omitted (comprehensiveness).


For Descartes, the only secure escape from illusion, sense deception, and radical doubt—including the threat of solipsism—is through the discovery of indubitable truths grounded in the intellect. This begins with the cogito, and proceeds through the use of reason and the intuition of clear and distinct ideas. These are made trustworthy by the guarantee of a non-deceptive God, whose existence and nature must be demonstrated. In this way, Descartes constructs a system of knowledge that proceeds deductively from self-evident principles.

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